Muscat’s location and topography makes it vulnerable to floods, extreme heat, and water stress, so resiliency investments will be critical.
City Class Score
| Commercial Hubs | |
| Export Champions | |
| Mobility Connectors | |
| Climate Resilient |
Corporate HQs, MNC presence, branded outlets, hotels, manufacturing, start-up ecosystem, transport linkages, population, and income.
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Manufacturing, industrial parks, export share and share change by category, air and port infrastructure, freight time to market, trade agreements, and expert interviews.
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Passenger traffic, flight connectivity, air-cargo flights, port infrastructure, container ship sailings, and major road networks.
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Coastal and river flooding, extreme rain, extreme heat and humidity, cyclones, and water scarcity.
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The majestic Hajar Mountains provide the perfect backdrop to Muscat. This range rises dramatically from the desert, etched with deep canyons and hidden wadis, offering breathtaking vistas of terraced villages and ancient forts. Nestled at its base, Muscat boasts winding streets and traditional whitewashed buildings that overlook the shimmering Gulf of Oman. In the heart of the city, the centuries-old Mutrah Souq captures the essence of a coastal port that has thrived for centuries. This busy market is a treasure trove of silver khanjars and fragrant spices. However, the souq faced a challenge in 2021 when heavy rains cascading over the mountains filled dry wadis and flooded the market.
Muscat’s spectacular landscape also exposes the city to a rapidly changing climate, much like other coastal cities along the Arabian Sea. Historically, Muscat has weathered major storms, but the stakes are rising.
Increasing temperatures, declining rainfall, sea level rise, and more frequent hazardous storm events are just a few of the growing risks the city will face in the coming years. At the same time, Muscat stands to benefit from regional growth rebalancing, another of our megatrends, especially via increased intra-regional mobility. Ensuring that the city is climate resilient will be critical to locking in those economic gains.
The coastal flood risks in Muscat are notably high, paralleling those of other cities along the same stretch of coast from Yemen to Iraq. Less common, however, is the city’s vulnerability to river floods, a consequence of its towering mountain ranges. Despite these flood episodes, Muscat grapples with water stress, ranking in the “extremely high” category, although it trails behind peers like Doha and Kuwait City. In response to these dual challenges, the government is investing in infrastructure projects such as the Wadi Adai Dam, which aims to mitigate flood risks while addressing dwindling groundwater reserves.
Heat and water stress present additional hurdles. The city’s average temperature is typically above 35 degrees Celsius for up to six months of the year, and extreme conditions are not unusual, with temperatures reaching over 45 degrees Celsius in 2024, prompting hospitals to issue warnings. Even more concerning is the high number of days that register both intense heat and humidity, a common plight for coastal cities at similar latitudes in South and Southeast Asia. To combat the risks of heat stress, the city has implemented midday breaks from 12:30 PM to 3:30 PM for workers during the summer months, providing a reprieve from the oppressive heat.
